Thermal radiation and inclusive production in the running coupling $$k_T$$-factorization approach

The characteristics of the thermal radiation are investigated using a two-component model, with hard component being described by Color Glass Condensate formalism. inclusive transverse momentum spectra charged hadrons produced in proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions at LHC energies large - $$p_T$$ estimated running coupling $$k_T$$ -factorization formula solution Balitsky–Kovchegov equation. Our results indicate that term is necessary to describe experimental data effective temperature has an energy dependence similar saturation scale. We demonstrate enhancement pPb consistent predicted